History Of India
National
sentence
|
Satyameva Jayate
|
National anthem |
Jan Gan Man
|
National anthem |
Vande Matram
|
Capital
|
Delhi
|
Largest city
|
Mumbai
|
Official language
|
Hindi / English
|
Recognized regional languages |
22 languages
|
Government
|
Federal parliament
|
Hindu
|
79.8%
|
Muslim
|
14.2%
|
Christian
|
2.3%
|
Sikh
|
1.7%
|
Buddhist
|
0.7%
|
Jain
|
0.4%
|
Other religions
|
0.9%
|
CONSTITUTIONAL
REPUBLIC
President
|
Ram nath kovind
|
Vice President
|
Venkaiah Naidu
|
Prime minister
|
Narendra Modi (BJP)
|
speaker
|
Sumitra Mahajan
|
Chief Justice of India
|
Ranjan Gogoi
|
Upper House
|
Rajya Sabha
|
Lower house
|
Lok Sabha
|
Dominion
|
August 15, 1947 |
The republic
|
January 26, 1950 |
Area
|
3,287,590 square kilometers / 1,269, 346 square miles |
Population / 2016 census |
1,27,00,000,000 |
Currency |
Indian Rupee (INR) |
INDIA, the official name of the Republic of India, located in
South Asia, is the largest country of the Indian subcontinent. India, fully
situated in the Northern Hemisphere, is the seventh largest in the world by
geographically and the second largest country in terms of population. In the
west of India, Pakistan, China, Nepal and Bhutan in the northeast, Bangladesh
and Myanmar in the east are located. Maldives in south-west India, Sri Lanka in
the south and Indonesian border in southeast of Indonesia. The physical
limitations of this answer are from the Himalayas and from the Indian Ocean in
the south. In the east is the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea in the west.
The development of ancient Indus Valley civilization,
trade routes and large empires, is known for its long history of cultural and
economic success of the Indian subcontinent. Four major sects: Hindu, Buddhist,
Jain and Sikh religion emerged here, Parsi, Judaism, Christian and Muslim
religions reached here in the first millennium and gave a new look to the
diverse culture here. As a result of continued victories, the British East
India Company merged many Indian subcontinent into the state in the 18th and 19th centuries.
After the failed revolt of 1857, the British
Government took charge of the administration of India. As British India, the
main part of the British Empire, India, was a long time under the leadership of
Mahatma Gandhi. After Independence and non-violent freedom, on 15 August 1947, there was
freedom. In the new constitution, implemented in 1950, it was declared a constitutional democratic republic
based on public adult franchise And the Westminster-style parliamentary government was
founded on the basis of the United Kingdom. A federal nation, India is formed
in 29 states and 7 union territories. After 1991, after a long period of socialist economic policies,
India has made meaningful economic and social progress based on the new
policies of liberalization and globalization. In 2017, the Indian economy is the world's third largest economy
on the basis of standard values (nominal) on the
basis of world's sixth largest and purchasing power parity. With a total area of 33 lakh square
kilometers, India is the seventh largest country in the world on the basis of
geographical area. After the market-based reforms of 1991, India has become one of the world's fastest growing
major economies and it is considered to be a new industrial nation. But still,
India faces the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, inadequate
public health and terrorism. Today India is a diverse, multilingual and
multi-ethnic society and the Indian Army is a regional power. Indian economy is
the world's fifth largest economy.
India has two official names - India (India) in
Hindi and English in India. The original English name of India's name is from
"Indus" of the Indus river. Bharat Names, an ancient Jain emperor
Bharat, who was the eldest son of Lord Rishabdev, whose descendants were Jain
Tirthankar, and whose story is taken in Shrimd Bhagwat Mahapurana. The word India
(India) is meant to be absorbed in inner light or light-light. A third name is
Hindustan, which means the land of Hind (Hindu), this name is especially
popular in Arabia / Iran. Its contemporary use is less and often for Northern
India. Apart from this, India is known as "Jambudvip" and
"Ajnabhadesh" since the Vedic period. Long ago, India's mouthpiece
'goldfish' was also popular.
National symbol of india : Sarnath has a
replica of Ashoka pillar which is safe in the museum of Sarnath. Government of
India adopted this mark on January 26, 1950. There are only three lions in it,
the fourth lion is not visible. Under the national symbol, the word
"Satyamev Jayate" is written in Devanagari script.
There are three
parallel rectangular bars in the national flag of India. The upper strip is
saffron, the middle strip is white and the bottom strip is dark green. The
length of the flag length is 3: 2. On the white
strip, the lion pillar of Dharmanath, Sarnath has been replaced by Ashok
Chakra, whose color is dark blue. The diameter of the circle is approximately
the width of the white strip and it has 24 arrays. National Language: The first part of
'Jan-Gan-Mana' written by poet Rabindranath Tagore was adopted on January 24, 1950 as the national
anthem of India. It was also decided that 'Vande Mataram' written by Bankim
Chandra Chatterjee will also be given the same status as 'Jan-Gan-Mana' because
the song 'Vande Mataram' was a motivation for people in the freedom struggle.
Government of India has adopted Samkhya Samvat as the
national calendar for the country. Its first month is 'Chait' and the year is
usually 365 days.
On the day of the almanac day, sit permanently according to the month of the
English calendar. The National Agenda for Government works is also used for the
Gregorian Calendar (English Calendar).
Religious history
According to ancient Hindu beliefs, India is
considered an eternal nation because it was the first nation of human civilization.
The description of the establishment of the nation of India comes in the fifth
column of Bhagwat Bhagwat. According to Indian philosophy, after the creation
of the universe, the son of Brahma, Manu Manu arranged. They had two sons,
Priyavrat and Uttanapada. Uttanapada devotee was the father of Dhruv. This was
the son of Priyavrat. Three sons were frustrated with their childhood. For this
reason, Priyavrat divided the earth into seven parts and handed over each son.
One of these was the fireman who was given the rule of Jundubweep. In old age,
Agnadhara handed over the responsibility of ruling his nine sons to various
nine places of Jambudvipa. Among these nine sons was the largest navel which
got the land of ice. He unveiled Ajnabh Glacier with the name of Ajnabh. This
snowman or Ajnabhaash was the only ancient country of India. King Nabhi's son
was Rishab. Among the hundred sons of Rishabhdev, Bharath was the most senior
and most virtuous. Rishabhdev handed him the palace of Varanasi. Famous as the
year of India, Ajnabhaar was famous as the father of Ira Ashwdev, Nabiraj. In
the name of Bharat, people started saying Ajnabhakt Bharat year.
Stone Age Caves Bhimbetka Madhya Pradesh is the
oldest proof of human life in India. The first permanent settlements took place
9 000 years ago. It was further developed in the Indus Valley Civilization,
which was at its peak between 2600 BC and 1900 BC. Arya came to India in about
1600 BC and started the Vedic civilization in the north Indian territories. The
sources of this civilization are Vedas and Puranas. But the theory of
Arya-invasion is still controversial. Some scholars, including Lokmanya Bal
Gangadhar Tilak, believe that Aryans are permanent residents of India and Vedic
history is about 75,000 years old. At the same time, Dravidian civilization
continued to be developed in South India. The two nations adopted the
characteristics of each other and created a mixed culture in India.
After 500 BC, several independent states were
formed. In the early dynasties of India, the Mauryan dynasty of North India is
remarkable, whose emperor Ashoka is a special place in the history of the
world. From the beginning of the 1st century AD, there have been many invasions
from Central Asia, which resulted in the formation of the northern Indian
subcontinent, Greeks, Shaka, finally Kushan dynasty. In the third century, when
India was under the rule of Gupta dynasty, it was called India's "Golden
Age". Several dynasties, Chalukya, Cher, Chola, Pallava and various
dynasties Sangam literature were at its peak, in which the Tamil language
developed, Satavahana and Chalukyas established their domination in central
India. During the reign of kings, science, art, literature, mathematics,
astronomy, ancient techniques of yogi, religion and Drrninhin developed.
In the beginning of the 12th century, after the
Islamic invasions on India, most northern and central India became subject to
the rule of Delhi Sultanate; And later, most of the subcontinent was under
Mughal dynasty. The Vijayanagar empire became powerful in South India. However,
many of the remaining states in particular protected South, or came into
existence Following the brief authority of the Mughals, Marathas flourished in
South and Central India in the seventeenth century. The power of the Sikhs
increased in the northwest.
In the middle of the 17th century, many European
countries, including Portugal, Dutch, France, UK, who were interested in doing
business from India, took advantage of the country's internal government chaos
and succeeded in stopping the English people. Throughout the country and in
1840 almost succeeded in governing the whole country. After the failed revolt
against the British East India Company in 1857, which was also known by the
first war of Indian independence, much of India was directly under the
administrative control of British rule.
In the beginning
of the twentieth century, due to the spread of modern education and the
changing political conditions of the world, an intellectual movement was created
in India, which laid the foundation for many changes and movements on social
and political levels. The establishment of the Indian National Congress in 1885 gave the freedom movement a dynamic form. In the beginning of the twentieth
century, there was a great non-violent struggle to gain freedom for a long
time, led by Mahatma Gandhi, which is officially addressed as the 'Father of
the Nation' of modern India.
Due to being a multi-ethnic and multi-religious
nation, India has had to suffer from communal and racial hatred from time to
time. Regional dissent and rebellion are also present in different parts of the
country, but except for the 1975-77, when the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi
announced the Emergency, its secularism and democracy remained intact.
India has an unresolved boundary dispute with
neighboring countries. Because of this, it has faced a small scale war. In
1962, there were wars with China and Pakistan in 1947, 1965, 1971 and 1999.
India is one of the non-alignment agitations and
the founding member countries of the United Nations.
In 1974 India conducted its first nuclear test,
after which five more tests were conducted in 1998. Thanks to the economic
reforms made in the 1990s, the country is fast growing in the list of fastest
developing countries today.
The Constitution of India declares India a
sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic. India is a democratic
republic, whose bicameral parliament is governed by the parliamentary system of
Westminster style. India's administration is run under the federal structure,
according to which state governments at the national level and state
governments at the state level. Sharing of powers between the Center and the
State Governments is based on the outline given in the Constitution. There are
currently 29 states and 7 union territories in India. Local governance powers
of the Union Territories, States are less than that. India's official structure
in which the Center is more powerful than the states, is generally called
semi-federal (but semi-federal), but due to the political, economic and social
changes of the 1990s, its structure gradually And this is becoming more federal
(federally).
There are three main parts in its governance: the
judiciary, executive and administrator.
The administration is called Parliament, which has
two houses - the Rajya Sabha Rajya Sabha, or the State Council and the Lower
House Lok Sabha. There are 245 members in Rajya Sabha whereas 545 members in
the Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha is a permanent house and its members are elected
indirectly for 6 years. Most of the members of the Rajya Sabha are elected by
the members of the State Legislatures, and every third year one-third of the
Rajya Sabha is discharged. 543 members of the Lok Sabha are elected directly
through the general election for a period of 5 years, in which all Indian
citizens above 18 years of age can vote. Apart from this, the President can
nominate two members from the Anglo-Indian community if this community can not
adequately represent Parliament.
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